Essay on Child Labor in Mexico - 3741 Words

Child Labor in Mexico Veronica Hernandez began her working career in a factory sweatshop. She was only 8 years old. After more than 12 years of intense and monotonous work in a number of different factories, Hernandez still, â€Å"felt as poor as the day she first climbed onto the lower rungs of the global assembly line† (Ferriss, source#2). Veronica works about 45 hours a week for only a base salary of $55, an occupation where she assembles RCA televisions by the Thomson Corporation. While some people you know complain of not having cable or enough channels for their big screen television, Veronica is blessed that she even owns one. She lives in a one room hut that includes no more than an out-house and an old refrigerator. She has†¦show more content†¦Many different variables play a part in finding a solution to help end child labor. Unfortunately, this form of labor plays a large role in Mexico’s economy. Although the country has anti-child labor laws, the children of Mexic o are forced to work for a variety of reasons. Most families force the children to work due to their struggle with poverty and lack of income. Although some organizations (like the North American Free Trade Agreement) look at solutions to help boost Mexico’s economy, large international corporations enter the country’s struggling economy capitalizing on it’s low cost manufacturing and wages, thus forcing children to work. Solutions must be looked at in order to stop kids from working their childhood away instead of getting an education to ultimately help Mexico’s economy. The link between Mexico and poverty is a large reason why children are forced to work in factories. Poverty began to be an issue for Mexico starting many years ago. In the 1940s, when industrialization began taking place, Mexico’s economy was growing at a rate of 6 per cent per year (Latapi and Gonzalez). This increase in the economy created two new social classes: the urban middle class and the new working class. By the late 70s, at least half of the working middle class held jobs related in manufacturing (Latapi and Gonzalez). This employment gave wages high enough to allow one worker theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Politics Culture of Mexico1022 Words   |  5 PagesPolitics and Culture of Mexico SOC315: Cross-Cultural Perspectives Instructor Theodore July 2, 2012 While politics in Mexico may one day be good for the people of Mexico, the current state of the country is not so good. The poverty level of Mexico has always been high, the country is known to be run by drugs and horrible, inhumane working conditions are common because of outside business coming in and taking advantage of what people will do for little money in the countryRead MorePowers Of The United States Constitution1552 Words   |  7 Pagesregulating wages and the distribution of goods in the workplace. 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Voice Command Free Essays

Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 Voice Command Set Technical Reference 3Com – U. S. Robotics 1 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 V 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Voice Command or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 V 2. 0 Revision information Initial Release for Sportster Vi modem Amended and updated version. Vi, Voice, Flash and MessagePlus Now covers following Sportster’s : 3Com – U. S. Robotics 2 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 1. Global Commands The AT commands in the following sections are global, meaning that they can be issued in any appropriate mode (i. e. , any #CLS setting). For consistency, the command set is divided into action commands and parameters (non-action commands). Those commands, which are action commands (i. e. , those that cause some change in the current operating behavior of the modem) are identified as such, and the remaining commands are parameters. 1. 1 ATA – Answering in Voice The answer action command works analogously to the way it works in Data and Fax Modes except for the following: 1. When configured for Voice Mode (#CLS=8), the modem enters Online Voice Command Mode immediately after going off-hook. When the#CLS=8 command is issued, the modem can be programmed to look for 1100 and 1300 Hz calling tones (see #VTD), thus eliminating the need to do so as part of A command processing. After the VCON message is issued, the modem re-enters Online Voice Command Mode while sending any incoming DTMF or Calling Tone indications to the DTE. After answering in Voice Mode (#CLS=8), the DTE, as part of its call discrimination processing, can decide to change the #CLS setting to attempt receiving a fax in Class 1, or to make a data connection. In such a case, the DTE commands the modem to proceed with the data or fax handshake via the A command even though the modem is already off-hook. 1. 1. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. . 1. 2 Result Codes: VCON Issued in Voice Mode (#CLS=8) immediately after going off-hook. 1. 2 ATD – Dial Command in Voice The dial action command works analogously to the way it works in Data or Fax modes. When in Voice Mode (#CLS=8): The modem attempts to determine when the remote has picked up the telephone line and once this determination has been made, the VCON message is sent to the DTE. This determination is initially made based up on ringback detection and disappearance. (See #VRA and #VRN commands. ). Once connected in Voice Mode, the modem immediately enters the command state and switches to Online Voice Command Mode that enables unsolicited reporting of DTMF and answer tones to the DTE. 1. 2. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 2. 2 Result Codes: VCON Issued in Voice Mode (#CLS=8) when the modem determines that the remote modem or handset has gone off-hook, or when returning to the Online Voice Command Mode. (See #VRA and #VRN. ) 3Com – U. S. Robotics 3 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 NO ANSWER Issued in Voice Mode (#CLS=8) when the modem determines that the remote has not picked up the line before the S7 timer expires. . 3 ATH – Hang Up in Voice This command works the same as in Data and Fax modes by hanging up (disconnecting) the telephone line. There are, however, some specific considerations when in Voice Mode: 1. The H command forces #CLS=0, but does not destroy any of the voice parameter settings such as #VBS, #VSP, etc. Therefore, if the DTE wishes to issue an H command and then pursue another voice call, it must issue a subsequent #CLS=8 command, but it needn’t reestablish the voice parameter settings again unless a change in the settings is desired. 2. The #BDR setting is forced back to 0, re-enabling autobaud. . If the #VLS setting is set to select a device which is not, or does not include the telephone line (such as a local handset or microphone), the H command deselects this device and reselects the normal default setting (#VLS =0). Normally, the DTE should not issue the H command while connected to a local device such as a handset, because merely selecting this device results in VCON. The normal sequence of terminating a session with such a device is to use the #VLS command to select the telephone line, which by definition makes sure it is on-hook. . 3. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 3. 2 Result Codes: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 4 ATZ – Reset from Voice Mode This command works the same as in Data and Fax modes. In addition, the Z command resets all voice related parameters to default states, forces the #BDR=0 condition (autobaud enabled), and forces the telephone line to be selected with the handset on-hook. No voice parameters are stored in NVRAM so the profile loaded does not affect the voice aspects of this command. 1. 4. 1 Parameters: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 4. 2 Result Codes: Same as Data and Fax modes. 1. 5 #BDR – Select Baud Rate (Turn off Autobaud) This command forces the modem to select a specific DTE/modem baud rate without further speed sensing on the interface. When a valid #BDR=n command is entered, the OK result code is sent at the current assumed speed. After the OK has been sent, the modem switches to the speed indicated by the #BDR=n command it has just received. When in Online Voice Command Mode and the #BDR setting is nonzero (no autobaud selected), the modem supports a full duplex DTE interface. This means that the DTE can enter commands at any time, even if the modem is in the process of sending a shielded code indicating DTMF detection to the DTE. When in Online Voice Command Mode and the #BDR setting is zero (autobaud selected), shielded code reporting to the DTE is disabled. [Note that when #BDR has been set nonzero, the modem employs the S30 Deadman Timer, and this timer starts at the point where #BDR is set nonzero. If this period 3Com – U. S. Robotics 4 Voice Command Reference October 2, 1997 xpires (nominally 60 seconds) with no activity on the DTE interface, the modem reverts to #BDR=0 and #CLS=0. ] 1. 5. 1 Parameters: n = 0 – 48 (New baud rate is n*2400 bps) Default: 0 1. 5. 2 Result Codes: OK ERROR 1. 5. 3 If n = 0 – 48. Otherwise. Command options: #BDR? Returns the current setting of the #BDR command as an ASCII decimal value in result code format. #BDR=? Returns a message indicating the speeds that are supported. #BDR=0 Enables autobaud dete ction on the DTE interface. #BDR=n Where 1 How to cite Voice Command, Papers

Reflection on Change Management Process

Question: Discuss about the case study for Reflection on Change Management Process. Answer: Introduction: Change management process is very complicated and it needs commitment from all the stakeholders of the organization from top to bottom of the organizational vertical. The process from inception to the execution and subsequent continuous improvement needs a strategic approach and the current discussion is about this approach and the possible typical considerations to be considered in devising a change management process. Also discussion is made in reference to IT company change management process. The process and factors of significance: Factors to be considered for critical evaluation during the change management implementation process: Change management is a critical task, and the outcome of that will depend on the collective action of different stakeholders of the organization and their commitment towards the change. Hence during the implementation, the sentiments of the stakeholders involved in the change process need to be considered. Firstly, a right motivation is to be provided to all the stakeholders involved in the process, their sentiments and the concerns towards the change to be considered. Incase, if there are any differences they need to be mitigated at the outset. Once these basic tasks performed, the actual change implementation process needed to be initiated. Other important aspects to be considered are the strategic plan and the phases in which the change management need to be performed. A well designed operational plan is to be kept ready before the actual implementation of the change management process. Feasibility of the change, stakeholders empathy towards the change, possible outcomes of the ch ange are some of the several factors to be considered for critical evaluation before the actual change implementation process. Other factors of importance are the time span of the implementation process, resources required for change actual strategic plan of a change process. All of them need to be critically evaluated during the change management implementation process (UOW, 1988). Inferences to an IT company: In a real IT company scenario typical approval by the top managerial committees, employees consideration and analysis of the outcomes, etc. need to be considered in the change implementation process. Critical success factors: There are several factors to be considered for the complete success and effectiveness of a change process at any organization(Hall,2006). Any way the typical success factors needed for a change management in an IT organization are as follows 1. Visibility: There should be complete transparency in the way the change management is proceeding, there should be a clear and visible plan for the change management and all stakeholders should able to perceive what actually is going in the organization in this setup. 2. Accountability: There should be responsibility towards the changes planned and being incorporated in the system, the stakeholders should able to know what is going on and they are responsible for the changes and the outcomes of the changes. 3. Measurability: A well-established system of metrics of the consequences of the changes in the organization is very much important and the system should be followed in complete agreement with the change expectations. 4. Continous improvement: Identification of the gaps in the systems and the rectification of the gaps from time to time are very much essential for keeping the system on track and to achieve the ultimate envisioned success (Margulies, 1973). Typical inferences can be acceptance by the employees, co-operation for change implementation, readiness for taking in the accountability for the change management process etc. Other factors can be implementation of the changed system performance in terms of reduction in the operational delays, increased customer satisfaction index towards new change process, sustenance of the change in terms of employees and customer feedback and of course the system performance as per the expectations. Resistance to change Description of factors of change: Visibility of the change management/Transparency may be resisted or may be hindered, by means of poor communication and poor collaboration of the stakeholders involved in the change process. Confusion and ambiguity and subsequent apathy towards the change initiatives are the likely symptoms of the resistance (Dent,1999). Accountability lacking can materialize due to the poor commitment on part of top management. Lack of commitment and the lack of planning or poor planning can be symptoms of resistance to accountability Metrics can be implemented only with the acceptance of the system under control, employees and the system should be evaluated for the change in the psychology or temperament or any particular change behavior with only the particular stakeholder agreement. Resistance towards the metrics or poor outcomes of the metrics can be result of the resistance in this domain. Continuous improvement is possible only with a well-established system of proactive change. Every aspect of the system should support the change and should contribute for positive change. Pro-activity and positivity are the need of the hour and failure of feedback and control is the symptom that can be directly attributed to the resistance of the contributors (Lewis, 2010). Graphical model of change management frame work: Figure 1 Graphical representation - Change management: Phase-1: Defining the objectives Visibility/Transparency Phase-2: Strategy operational plan - Accountability Phase-3: Implementation Metrics Phase-4: Sustenance Continuous improvement Conclusion: Change management process is very critical for the success of an organizational change implementation. Apart from commitment a systematic strategic operational plan is required. With due consideration to all the possible resistances and other organizational problems that may surface during the process, organizational change can be implemented. References: University of Warwick. Centre for Corporate Strategy and Change. (1988).The management of strategic change. A. M. Pettigrew (Ed.). B. Blackwell. Hall, G. E., Hord, S. M. (2006). Implementing change: Patterns, principles, and potholes. Dent, E. B., Goldberg, S. G. (1999). Challenging resistance to change.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,35(1), 25-41. Margulies, N., Wallace, J. (1973).Organizational change: techniques applications. Good Year Books. Lewis, E., Romanaggi, D., Chapple, A. (2010). Successfully managing change during uncertain times.Strategic HR Review,9(2), 12-18.

Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis Essay Example

Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis Paper Chapter 1. Company Introduction Logitech is a world leader in personal peripherals, driving innovation in PC navigation, Internet communications, digital music, home-entertainment control, gaming and wireless devices (PriceGrabber. com 2007). The companys products combine essential core technologies, continuing innovation, award-winning industrial design and excellent price performance. Logitech International is a Swiss public company traded on the SWX Swiss Exchange under the symbol LOGN and on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol LOGI. In January 2007, Logitech was added to the NASDAQ-100 Index ® (Logitech 2008). Logitechs origins lie in the OEM sector, which remains an important part of its business, and represented 11. 6 percent of the companys total sales in Fiscal 2006 (PriceGrabber. com 2007). To meet the demands of its OEM customer base, which includes most of the worlds largest PC manufacturers, Logitech offers high-volume manufacturing with focused quality control, worldwide distribution and logistics, and the ability to leverage its infrastructure under changing demand conditions. Logitech continues to broaden its product offering and its presence in the retail sector. This is fueled by a trend among consumers to enhance their basic PC systems with more fully featured personal peripherals that add functionality and cordless freedom to their desktops. They are also purchasing supplementary devices designed for new applications and specific purposes such as gaming, multimedia, or audio and visual communication over the Internet. Further, Logitechs retail business includes personal peripherals for platforms beyond the PC, such as gaming consoles, portable music players, mobile phones and home-entertainment systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today, Logitechs retail business accounts for 88. 4 percent of its revenue (Logitech 2008). To provide the market with a broadening array of best-of-category products, Logitechs business model calls for supplementing its internal engineering and manufacturing strength with additional products and technologies through a combination of strategic acquisitions and industry partnerships (PriceGrabber. com 2007). Chapter 2. Supply Chain Logitech is sensitive to the trend in IT industry. Customers are always long for updating their PCs accessories and purchasing stylish and personalized IT products. By this reason, Logitech has put a lots effort in fastening the launch of new products to the market to satisfy the needs and trends. Nevertheless, a well-operating supply chain is the conjunction to the successful achievement. The success of Logitech is to convert a simple and single-product supply chain into a complex and multi-product supply chain under harmlessness to its sales and to fasten the product delivery. However, behind this steady the deployment of its sources efficiently is the key, and Logitech has still insisted this merit. The development of Logitech starts from a simple and inelastic supply chain. In the beginning of ‘80s, Logitech started running the mouse-manufacturing business. The operation was running excellently with a simple supply chain. The single-product supply chain was supported by its manufactory in Suzhou, China and served the worldwide market. Although it was not efficient, it was enough for Logitech to cope with orders. Nowadays a simple supply chain can’t meet the requirements of Logitech anymore which has developed more and more product lines and has become a multi-product company. In 2005 Logitech have 135 kinds of PCs peripheral products in the market. Except for manufacturing over 6 million mice in a year, Logitech has also produced numerous peripheral products. In this case, the management of the simple supply chain has been no longer realistic. A more elastic supply chain which is able to deal with the changes of demand and compete against the pressure from competitors is what Logitech needs. Therefore, Logitech addressed itself to build the high visibility of its supplier-web, production and transportation transaction. However, the change resulted in a plentiful harvest. In the 2005 annual report, it shows a +13% growth in net income which reached 1. 93 billion USD. In spite of the markup of fuel and raw materials, the gross profit margin improved from 32% to 34%. The sales volume and net income of 1st quarter in 2005 raised 26% and 19%. This record was the fastest growth among previous 3 years. An elastic supply chain The supply chain of Logitech In the past, Logitech completed all the manufacturing process internally. However , in order to deal with the expansion of the transaction, Logitech started to outsource its manufacturing business, for instance, the acquisition of Labtec in 2001(Logitech 2008) whose products are mostly produced by ODM is one of them. Presently Logitech has maintained its 50% manufacturing business by it own and has outsourced other 50% to ODM. The emergence of ODM seems to prolong the supply chain. However, it didn’t reduce the performance of the supply chain. Conversely, it helped Logitech expanding its business to many new markets. In order to build a more elastic supply chain, the first step for Logitech is to fasten the reaction of the Suzhou manufactory to the orders. Logitech has founded 6 technology centers in worldwide which locate in Switzerland, U. S. , Canada, Taiwan, and Suzhou, China. By absorbing the technology forte of each country, the worldwide technology synergy worked very well. However, operating the connection between worldwide technology and the Suzhou basement harmoniously and delivering the products to the points of sale in the world efficiently is a complicated work. Consequently Logitech decided to adopt a diversified supply chain strategy. There are 3 different kinds of consignment patterns: For some heavier products (Ex. amplifiers) they have their own consignment patterns through sea and land transportation. Normal products (Ex. ice) are mainly delivered through sea and land transportation. As to some high-quality products, delivering through air freight is mainly used. Also, all the bulk parts delivered to distribution centers through air/sea freight are assembled locally. Further, to achieve the goal fastening the reaction of the Suzhou manufactory to the orders, Logitech invested a new plant in the Suzhou New District. Compare to the old one, it is bigger, and the arrangement of the product lines is more reasonable. The construction of the new plant is double-decked. Goods are produced in the upper side and stored in the under side. With this construction, raw materials can be delivered to the right place in a shortest distance. Furthermore, Logitech has used a hybrid manufacturing model to increase flexibility, with high-volume products manufactured using a traditional production line, and lower-volume products manufactured in a cell-line by a core team of specialized staff. Logitech also uses a just-in-time system for components, so approximately 60 percent of all components are delivered on a daily basis. To cooperate with this new system, Logitech applied for a Free Trade Zone in the Suzhou New District. The purpose is obviously to enable the suppliers to be closer their product lines. Logitech continues to add whole new categories to their product portfolio and to expand their sales channels, increasing their product demand. Their entire supply chain, from manufacturing in China to distribution in more than 100 countries worldwide, has provided Logitech with a significant competitive advantage. Chapter 3. Suppliers In the cooperation with suppliers, speed –up delivering lowers the pressure of storage. In Suzhou, the superior environmental factor increases the competitive advantage of Logitech largely. With the rapid expansion in the market, Logitech realized that managing the plans of each area centralizedly is getting important. In the past, the data of information and volume-delivery forecasting took long time to collect and couldn’t be updated immediately. Also, due to the seasonal fluctuation of market price, suppliers are hard to progress the forecasting works. However, under the new mechanism, managers of each area and sales teams monitored the actual sales situation together and progressed the forecasting work according to the feedback. The up-to-date forecast would be reported to global supply chain department and shared the data with suppliers. After receiving the forecast, central procurement department would place orders for all areas. By doing so, Logitech not only shared the latest data with suppliers but also benefit by the bulk purchasing. Furthermore, the on-line sharing movement with suppliers and ODM enabled Logitech’s partners to react from changes immediately. Nevertheless, sharing data by internet isn’t an innovation anymore. The key of success is building a â€Å"Sales and Operation Planning Procedure† and providing the visibility of data by cooperating with suppliers. There are many requirements asked within the contracts from Logitech to suppliers. For example, in most contracts it claims that â€Å"Sharing the obligation together†. When supply and demand changes, it is important to clear the obligation up. After improving this weakness, the formulation of supply and demand becomes 75% faster than before. The reflection to customers is also enhanced. In 2006, selling mice in supermarket is one of the developed trends. This movement was decided by consumer behavior. From the consumer behavior aspect, convenience and easy to reach become main reasons for consumers to purchase the IT products. Selling channels is diversified. Besides hypermarkets, Logitech set up direct stores to display and sell products. Chapter 4. Logistics strategy The OEM, Logitech mice and web cameras are produced in Suzhou, China and sold in U. S. Joy sticks are produced by ODM and sold in Europe. In NorthAmerica and Europe, Logitech set up regional logistics centers in Memphis and Amsterdam. Doing most of its manufacturing in China, Logitech uses a variety of solutions to handle its logistics needs. They serve customers worldwide in U. S. , Latin America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Oceania. Vision into its network comes from an Oracle system under which Logitech runs. For improving customers’ satisfaction further, Logitech has adopted Just-in-time system. The requirement of this ability is to rebuild the information system between Logitech and logistics companies in order to clear off the obstacles of the speed-up. However, adopting Just-in-time system didn’t sacrifice the profit. Presently, the turnover rate of the stocks yearly reaches 5-6 times, more than previous record 3 times. This achievement was reached from the optimization of the logistics link. First, Logitech evaluated its transportation system. Consider saving the cost, Logitech delivered its products from China across globe through sea transportation which ships merely start from Hong Kong. In the past, the shipping contracts between Logitech and shipping companies were signed as long-term corporations. From 2003 Logitech signed and negotiated its shipping contracts with regional shipping companies annually. Through the regularly negotiations, Logitech can assure its encasement cost in advance. When facing the fluctuation of global oil price, Logitech can still hold a stable transportation cost. Also, because that Logitech has huge amount of products need to be delivered across globe every year, they always can bargain and get most favorable price from logistics companies. Besides, Logitech delivered some parts to the sales areas in advance and put the last assembling work of some particular products, for example, web camera at the sales areas. These doings have enhanced the flexibility of the supply chain. Due to the improved efficiency of the transportation system, it is not necessary for Logitech to set up manufactories in some high-cost areas, like North America and Europe. Although having considered setting up manufactories in Mexico and Hungary because of the lower transportation cost, Logitech found considering from the aspect of total cost, the manufacturing cost in China is still half of those countries. From the chart below, a Logitech mouse is sold at $40 in U. S. 8% (20%) was taken by Logitech as corporate costs and profit. Global distributors and retailers take $15 (37. %), and, suppliers take $14 (35%). The rest $3 (7. 5%) is belong to China. This $3 includes salary, power, transportation, and management costs (JRJ. com 2008) A ELEMENTS OF THE VALUE CHAIN B COSTS IN VALUE CHAIN AB Assembly in China$3 Parts from suppliers for China$14 Corporate costs + profit$8 Global distributors and retailers$15 Total costs$40 Percentage of retail 100% In Tennnesse, America, Hungary, an d the Netherlands, Logitech has also owned warehousing business. In Hungary, Flextronics and DHL have been employed and taken charge of final assembling and managing warehouses. The agreements that Logitech and these logistics companies made have been re-signed through inviting tenders quarterly. Therefore, these logistics partners would provide the best service to keep this business relationship. However, the managers of warehousing business are assigned by Logitech. This method bases on two considerations: First, it costs too much to outsource logistics suppliers, like UPS or DHL to progress everything. Second, with its own professional experiences Logitech can also reduce the cost of total warehousing management. Further, Logitech sell products on-line by E-Commerce Catalogers and have an OEM channel as well (Logitech 2008). The underlying platform supporting Logitech’s channel and supply chain work is a forecasting solution from Click Commerce Inc. Their sales people do a bottom-up forecast, so Logitech can command the detail and holistic information. Among other benefits, channel forecasting allows Logitech to tie its sales demand to supply chain activities in order to shrink inventory (Technology 2003). In order to occupy Chinese market, Logitech has created more and more hannels gradually. In 2007, Zarva and Logitech built a cooperative relationship. Zarva became the whole authorized distributor in China. The content of the cooperation is simple. Logitech expects to spread, market and sell Logitech’s products through national distribution coverage. In the same time, Logitech’s original authorized distributors, like China Digi have superior channel coverages. Therefor e, other mouse manufacturers are hard to compete with Logitech in China (ciw. com 2007). Chapter 5. SWOT Analysis Logitech has just seen its 30th consecutive quarter of double digit growth. This growth, however, could be stunted by increasing competition from Microsoft, its biggest competitor in the mice and keyboards market. StrengthsWeaknesses Strong financial performance High returns Manufacturing capabilities Strong research and developmentDeclining operating margins Dependence on retail segment OpportunitiesThreats Non-PC platforms Growth of computer industry Emerging markets Growing Indian console marketsCompetition from Microsoft Low barrier for entry into core market Counterfeit goods Short product life cycles (More detail information is put in appendix. Chapter 6. Conclusion and recommendations Logitech manages a complicated supply chain with a expanding product lines. For them, here are some recommendations. 1. Make the supply chain more flexible; in order to assure it can expand with the increase of the product lines. In some cases, this would involve the balance between internal manufacturing and outsourcing. 2. Draw the base of the stock turnover period by comparing other companies who have same mode of operating business manufacture products at some particular areas and sell to the whole world. 3. Centralize the management of information forecasting and procurement to harvest from batch discount and simplify the purchasing procedure. By doing this better demand formulation and storage reinforcement plan could be formed. Also, it can diminish storage and reduce the ambiguous issue of responsibilities. 4. Go shares the responsibility with the suppliers; do NOT absorb all the logistics costs alone, as well as do NOT fall into the trap of long-term contracts. Long-term contract would hold you back on choosing lower-cost substitute projects. Shipping agreements should be negotiated every one year. 5. Although costs can be saved by product design and product package, product design should follow the collocation of the supply chain to enable them easier to be packaged and transported. This issue always ignored by most of the companies. 6. Keep updating the information system and evaluate it frequently. It would assure the IT system will not become the obstacle to grow. Chapter 7. References PriceGrabber. com 2007 LOGITECH NOISE CANCELING HEADPHONES [online], http://www. tweaknews. net/reviews/logitech_noise_canceling_headphones/ [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Logitech International SA 2008 [online] http://ir. ogitech. com/releasedetail. cfm? ReleaseID=174502 [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Datamonitor 2007 [online] http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=1=109=3a191d7a-7e0d-4d0b-ba85-2483ea127fc1%40sessionmgr104 [Assessed in APR. 09 2008] JRJ. com 2006 [online] http://finance. jrj. com/news/2006-12-05/000001829203. html [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Ciw. com 2007 [online] http://www. ciw. co m. cn/ciwepaper/qudao/20071105101319. shtml [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Technology 2003 [online] http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=1=108=6644df7a-bfd5-4115-858f-8582b47fc1e7%40sessionmgr109 [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008]

was communism feared essays

was communism feared essays After WWII, Americans knew they lived in the strongest and "greatest" country on earth. They were however afraid of communism at home and abroad. Through the reading and discussions in this class I have found the primary reasoning for this fear was because they did not want to think our After the war businesses were trying to get back to normal and trying to convert form planes to cars so to speak. The entire economy was working to make life better for the country. Communism was going on all over the world in country's like china and Russia. The U.S. must always be the superpower so they put their two cents in when speaking about foreign affairs. The government did not want to deal with other country's because they did not want the communist influence to take effect in the U.S. So the Americans were making their own things in factory's and such. People were unable to buy goods they wanted or needed. During the cold war Joe McCarthy began t put out list of people whom he thought were communist in the U.S. The McCarthyism era began a widespread fear of communism. People in the U.S. were taught that communism was bad and anyone affiliated wit it were bad too. People were called "red or "pink" for showing suspicious signs of communism. Communist country's were not people whom you wanted to be affiliated with. McCarthy went crazy in accusing many people of being red or pink. McCarthy blamed many innocent people and few like the Rosenburg's were killed and later The McCarthy era can be compared to the book The Crucible. The children in the book had done something bad and got caught, but to take the attention off them they began to accuse people of being witches. People that had crossed them in some way became the ones who were accused and later innocently convicted and killed. I feel that ...

The Taming of The Shrew Themes

'The Taming of The Shrew' Themes Lets examine the two major themes that drive Shakespeares  The Taming of The Shrew. Theme: Marriage The play is ultimately about finding a suitable partner for marriage. The motivations for marriage in the play vary enormously, however. Petruccio is only really interested in marriage for economic gain. Bianca, on the other hand, is in it for love. Lucentio has gone to great lengths to win Bianca’s favour and to get to know her better before committing to marriage. He disguises himself as her Latin teacher in order to spend more time with her and to gain her affections. However, Lucentio is only permitted to marry Bianca because he has managed to convince her father that he is incredibly rich. Had Hortensio offered Baptista more money he would have married Bianca despite her being in love with Lucentio. Hortensio settles for marriage to the widow after his marriage to Bianca is refused. He would rather be married to someone than have no one. It is usual in Shakespearian comedies that they end in marriage. The Taming of the Shrew does not end with a marriage but observes several as the play goes on. Moreover, the play considers the impact that a marriage has on family members, friends and servants and on how a relationship and bond is formed thereafter. There is a form of elopement where Bianca and Lucentio go off and marry in secret, a formal marriage between Petruccio and Katherine where the social and economic contract is key, and the marriage between Hortensio and the widow which is less about wild love and passion but more about companionship and convenience. Theme: Social Mobility and Class The play is concerned with social mobility which is ameliorated through marriage in Petruccio’s case, or through disguise and impersonation.  Tranio pretends to be Lucentio and has all the trappings of his master while his master becomes a servant of sorts in becoming a Latin teacher for Baptista’s daughters. The Local Lord at the beginning of the play wonders whether a common Tinker can be convinced he is a lord in the right circumstances and whether he can convince others of his nobility. Here, through Sly and Tranio Shakespeare explores whether social class is to do with all the trappings or something more fundamental. In conclusion, one could argue that being of high status is only of any use if people consider you are of that status. Vincentio is reduced to a ‘faded old man’ in Petruccio’s eyes when he is encountered on the way to Baptista’s house, Katherine acknowledges him as a woman (who could get any lower on the social strata?). In fact, Vincentio is super powerful and rich, his social status is what convinces Baptista that his son is worthy of his daughter’s hand in marriage. Social status and class are therefore very important but transient and open to corruption. Katherine is angry because she does not conform to what is expected of her by her position in society. She tries to fight against the expectations of her family, friends and social status, her marriage ultimately forces her to accept her role as wife and she finds happiness in finally conforming to her role. In the end, the play dictates that each character must conform to his position in society. Tranio is restored to his servant status, Lucentio back to his position as a rich heir. Katherine is finally disciplined to conform to her position. In an additional passage to the play even Christopher Sly is returned to his position outside the alehouse having been stripped of his finery: Go take him easily up and put him in his own apparel again and lay him in the place where we did find him just underneath the alehouse side below.(Additional Passages Line 2-4) Shakespeare suggests it is possible to cheat class and social boundaries but that the truth will win out and one must conform to ones position in society if we are to live a happy life.

The African Athena Controversy Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The African Athena Controversy - Thesis Example Another is that the lack of knowledge with regards to the ancient world puts historians inside a box with only plausible ideas looming overhead, not probabilities since everything is already in the past tense, and reconstructions are the only available options to build the events of past civilizations (Berlinerblau). However, those who contest the possibility of Phoenicians and even Egyptians influencing Pre-Hellenistic Greece argue that relying only on etymologies of the words found in the Greek language does not give enough justification but rather, it only reveals the patterns and the sphere of influence on the population in question (Lefkowitz). Still, words are much the same as models, wherein they are seen as necessary symbols to represent a united representation of our reality (Bernal). Bernal’s Ancient Model regarding the origin of the ancient Greeks, or those of the Pre-Hellenistic culture states that there is an intermingling of Phoenicians and Egyptians long before the settling of the Aryan Race from the north, and that in this sense, the Pre-Hellenes or the Ancient Greeks were a race with strong Asian or Egyptian origins, and were eventually succeeded by the arrival of the Indo-Europeans or the â€Å"Aryans† (Bernal). It is plausible because the Phoenicians were able to teach the alphabet to ancient Greeks, introducing a form of written language in the area, while the Egyptians taught them farming strategies, such as building irrigation systems to continually water the crops. The Egyptians would also be able to teach the Ancient Greeks about their gods, the names as well as how to worship them, since Egyptians have a long and solid history with regards to religion and the occult. With such a premise, Bernal was able to further provide readers an idea of his premise that there are indeed Semitic and African elements in the formation of the cultures of Pre-Hellenistic or Ancient Greeks

Why do people stay at ISS. (MA Human Resource Management) Essay

Why do people stay at ISS. (MA Human Resource Management) - Essay Example Evidence of this leadership structure at ISS is provided by The Finance Director (2010) to include what is referred to as a multi-local approach to management. The company recognises the importance of providing localised service provision based on cultural needs. It suggests diversity as a focus for people development. The company’s vision is to â€Å"lead facility services globally – by leading facility services locally† (the-fianance-director.com, 2010, p.1). ISS is decentralised (uk.issworld.com, 2010), with the intention of using people as resources to improve company position. Instances of identifying management philosophy is available throughout the organisation’s website as being transformational, defined as using charismatic personality, vision championing, and coaching as a new management philosophy (Endrissat, Muller & Meissner, 2005). In this sort of ideal environment that is people-focused, it would appear, at first glance, that employees stay with ISS because of their devotion to local culture and people development. However, turnover in certain segments continues to increase, most noticeable in cleaning, security, landscaping, and other blue collar job roles. Is there an ongoing problem with the manual labour team that needs identification? Why are there no other areas of the business experiencing high turnover? This proposed research project seeks to identify: The objectives chosen will provide information about whether there are cultural differences between manual and support workers that impact relationships or communications. The research intends to uncover what meaning the blue collar workers give to their job roles in relation to status, their family, or through self-analysis. In order to identify why people stay at ISS, it is first important to identify whey they might choose to leave in favour of other employment and see if these identified needs are present in the manual worker

John Locke Essay Essay Example for Free

John Locke Essay Essay Our Earth has been the home to a multitude of great thinkers. These thinkers were scattered throughout the generations from the Romans all the way to the 20th century; however, the time period with the most philosophers was the Enlightenment Age. During this time there were many thinkers such as Voltaire and Thomas Hobbes. One thinker in particular who contributed a great deal to history was John Locke. His work is still influencing the lives of people across the world 300 years later. He rethought the moral role of government, created a new theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things made him the single most influential philosopher during the Enlightenment Age, and even in history. During the 1600s-1700s, John Locke lived on this earth, observing how society functioned. He saw thinks very differently than the average person. Unlike many others, he used logic and reason in order to see the flaws of government. The government at the time was incredibly corrupt and unfair to the people. Taxes made the lives of 98% of the population miserable and insufferable. Locke could even be considered a humanist for his actions. He felt the people deserved a fair government that served them as appose to the people serving the government. According to Locke, â€Å"political power is the natural power of each man collectively given up into the hands of a designated body†1. In a more general sense, he created the social contract. Most people recognize this theory as the social contract because it is an agreement between government and its people. All people are born with their natural rights. The idea of the social contract is a community surrenders some degree of its natural rights in favor of government, which is better able to protect those rights than any man could alone. Protection is one of the greatest services any government can provide. People will enjoy living under a certain ruler if he or she can keep them safe. The quality of life is generally much higher when there is no constant fear of attack from a neighbor. The idea of the government providing protection had been around before, but Locke included the idea that government exists solely for the well being of the community. He stressed to the people that any government that breaks the contract can and should be replaced. Gradually, people began to process this idea and realized that Locke was right. They were the ones that should have the power, not the government. The people were unhappy with the way they were being treated, but they did not know what to do about it so they continued suffering. Locke gave them an instruction manual by saying, â€Å"the community has a moral obligation to revolt against or otherwise replace any government that forgets that it exists only for the people’s benefit†2. This struck true to many people because they were unhappy. It also gave reason for the government to be reasonable and not do anything outrageous. More power was given to the people and the days of absolute rule would no longer exist. One of Locke’s other contributions that was considered revolutionary was creating a new way theory of knowledge. Locke believed that knowledge was only gained through worldliness. He told people that experiences caused them to learn. One famous this he argued is that, â€Å"at birth the mind is a tabula rasa†3. Tabula rasa translates to â€Å"clean slate†. Essentially, everyone is born without knowledge and over time they become wiser and smarter. This was revolutionary because previously no one had every stopped to think about how knowledge was gained other than schooling. Locke was the first to think that people were born without any knowledge. He emphasized the five senses as well. Humans fill their clean slate with ideas and experience in the world through their five senses. There are many varying definitions of knowledge, but John Locke is the most accurate. Locke defines knowledge as â€Å"the connection and agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy, of the ideas humans form†4. Since our knowledge is derived from our experiences, it means our knowledge is limited. Not everyone can know everything since not one single person can experience everything this earth has to offer in one lifetime. This also means that everyone’s knowledge varies and no two people have the same exact knowledge since everyone’s experiences are different. Locke also notes that there is a great deal of unknown on this world and there always will be. This observation still is true today because there is a great deal of uncertainty in today’s society. He is also still influential because he taught us to question those uncertain areas. As a continuation, he agrees that there are certain things that we are certain of. One example that Locke uses is the certainty of our own existence and the existence of God even tough we may not fully comprehend who or what he was5. Another very complex theory that he had relating to the idea of knowledge was our ideas are related to reality. He said that, â€Å"our ideas correspond to external realities because the mind cannot invent such things without experience†6. The idea of knowledge was vague but Locke defined it in a very detailed and simple way for the average person to comprehend. This idea that our ideas are relates to reality because our mind cannot invent things without experience caused people a greater understanding of how their mind worked and encouraged them to experience more in their lives. John Locke is known for many contributions to society but one of his most influential was his inception of reason. He thought that every person had a purpose in life and that was to find truth. In believing this he encouraged people that God gave us our capacity for reason to aid us in the search for truth. Since Lock believed in a clean mind at birth, he also believed that people were born innocent. Innocence in his mind is eventually inevitably lost trough experience. That innocence disappears and creates knowledge. Locke wanted people to understand and think for themselves rather than follow their leaders blindly. He also considered truthful that, â€Å"each person has a duty to preserve other people as well as himself †¦ recognizing the responsibility to preserve the rights of all humankind naturally leads to tolerance†7. This idea directly leads to his idea of separation of church and state. To him, government had absolutely no right to impose itself people. The fact of the matter was that the government and state were one body. This gave them significant power to do anything they pleased. Locke was one of the very first to question governments over oppression. All men control their bodies and their minds so no other individual should try and control it. Also how â€Å"men naturally exist in a state of nature and so he needs to answer only to the laws of nature†8. The majority of leaders at the time were extremely unhappy with how Locke was influencing the general public. Ironically, now many leaders such as the president of the United States follow many of his beliefs. Locke also influenced the American Constitution when his ideas reached over seas. Early Americans saw the power of his theories such as the social contract and more importantly using reason. People wanted to be granted the same friends and eventually received them. Henry Ford once said, â€Å"thinking is the hardest work there is and that is why so few engage in it†. This quote is why John Locke is the greatest thinker and philosopher of all time. He devoted his life to changing not only the way people thought, but how they viewed life forever. No man has had a greater impact that him. Locke rethought the moral role of government, created a new way theory of knowledge, introduced the use of reason, and reminded people of their natural rights. The combination of these four things is simply what made him such an indelible man. Sources 1. Uzgalis, William, Uzgalis,. John Locke. Stanford University. Stanford University, 02 Sept. 2001. Web. 08 Jan. 2014. 2. Locke, John. The Second Treatise on Civil Government. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1986. Print. 3. Aaron, Richard I. John Locke. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971. Print. 4. Berlin, Isaiah. The Age of Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979. Print. 5. Locke, John, and John Locke. The Second Treatise of Government; And, A Letter concerning Toleration. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

Students vs. The System Essay -- essays research papers fc

Students vs. the System Education has always been a great factor in determining human survival and success. Whether it is learning to live in a harsh environment or learning to manage a company, education is and always will be incredibly significant. Education is so important in modern society that a system of grades has been developed to evaluate students of all ages and levels. In Paul Goodman’s essay â€Å"A Proposal to Abolish Grading† he argues that the grading system that is commonly used in our society is ineffective and should be done away with. This idea is wrong since there are many positive outcomes that result from the current grading system. Goodman opens up his piece by making his claim that grades have take precedence over everything in classrooms. He also mentions that some authorities in the educational field agree with and support this statement. â€Å"I think that a majority of professors agree that grading hinders teaching and creates a bad spirit, going as far as cheating and plagiarizing† (Goodman 206). Here, he talks about how grading has lost its power, and has been reduced to a meaningless letter on paper that tempts students to cheat in order to receive a passing grade on their assignments. He also goes on to declare that, â€Å"†¦grading is inevitable; for how else will the graduate schools, the foundations, and corporations know whom to accept†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Goodman 206). By expressing these ideas in such close proximity, it can be inferred that Goodman believes grades are unreliable sources of data due to cheating. Although cheating is a prevalent problem in all places of work, it should not be a reason to disregard looking at grades when considering an applicant for hire. Letter grades from all schools simply represent the work ethic of that particular student. The threat that a person who received high grades could be a cheater is always present, but the characteristics of a cheater can easily be recognized by other workers and by the employer. So the belief that grades are unreliable due to cheating is erroneous, due to the fact that not all students are cheaters. The grading system simply provides a standard that all students should fall under, which implies that all applicants be educated. This is just a small sample of what Goodman includes in this essay. Two other topics that Goodman covers in good detail are the purpose of a test and the self-awar... ...defend and help people, but when used in the wrong hands, it becomes a weapon for evil. This grading system, much like a gun, is a tool just as capable of being used for evil in the sense that teachers abuse their power to grade by forcing lazy students to work. By abusing the system and threatening students with grades is what prompts them to cheat, steal, and copy, not the grading system itself. The current grading system implemented in schools today is a great thing, where students are able to monitor their own progress, and be rewarded for their hard work with high grades. Goodman makes some good points in his proposal by mentioning the somewhat unreliability of grades, and by acknowledging the strength of a self-aware student, but they are outweighed by his weak, one-sided arguments accusing the modern grading system of being useless and bad. Education is a powerful tool in the present day and age, and although what people are being taught has changed significantly, one can never learn too much to prepare for future success. Works Cited Goodman, Paul. â€Å"A Proposal to Abolish Grading.† Elements of Argument. Ed. Ellen Rottenburg. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 206-209

Ford’s E-Business Strategy

Jacques Nasser, Ford Motor Company president and chief executive officer announced a new vision for the firm in the fall of 1999: to become the â€Å"world’s leading consumer company providing automotive products and services. † Key to that dream was the transformation of the business using Web technologies. Brian P. Kelly (Kelly), Ford’s e-business vice president, described Ford’s plan to rebuild itself as a move to â€Å"consumer-centric† from â€Å"dealer-centric,† and stated that Ford would transform itself from being a â€Å"manufacturer to dealers† into a â€Å"marketer to consumers. Kelly explained that the main objectives of Ford’s e-business strategy were to bring speed, convenience, and information to customers rather than just focusing on cost cutting. The strategy was based around the principle â€Å"The consumer is King† and using the net, customer orders would be sent directly to factories and suppliers whi ch will eventually allow Ford to deliver cars to consumers within days of ordering. Some of the e-business initiatives that Ford put in place to transform the company into an e-commerce company is mentioned below. Improving Efficiency in Supply Chain: 1. Ford believed that using the internet improved the efficiency of its supply chain, so in mid-1999, the company along with Oracle, created AutoXchange that allowed online B2B transactions with its suppliers. This e-commerce tool helped Ford and its suppliers swap information and bids on goods and services worth nearly USD 300 billion. The company expected to reduce its purchasing bill by 10% through the use of AutoXchange. 2. Until February 2000, the company followed the ‘push’ operations model, but by collaborating with GM and DaimlerChrysler, Ford set up an online marketplace cum private exchange – ‘Covisint’. This substantially reduced the operating costs and brought efficiency to the business. ‘Covisint’ followed the ‘pull’ model which allowed Ford to first take the order from a customer and then manufacture the car according to the customer’s specifications, thus the traditi onal supply chain became a demand chain. 3. To optimally utilize the features of Covisint, Ford launched the Ford Supplier Network (FSN). FSN was used to share information with its suppliers over the web. By increasing the flow of information between suppliers and Ford, it reduced the vehicle delivery time. Focusing on the Demand Chain: 1. In partnership with Microsoft, Ford developed CarPoint an auto buying website in 1999. Retail customers could order cars through this website. In addition to developing this website, Ford also got into alliances with reputed portals like Yahoo. com, iVillage. com and bolt. com. These alliances gave Ford insight into the preferences and buying habits of various segments of the society. . In late 1999 Ford realized that customers’ queries should be resolved quickly to get closer to those who use the net and for this it established a new e-CRM company ‘Percepta’ a joint venture with TeleTech holdings. 3. In continuation with the e-CRM strategy, Ford in 2000 launched another e-commerce initiative to supplement CarPoint. com and Ford. com; it was called ‘Ford Int ernet Retail System’ (FIRST). FIRST was aimed at facilitating communication of leads and orders between the company and its dealer network. This system gave customers capability and options for buying a car like never before, right from research to financing options. 4. Another e-commerce tool – MyFord. com launched in February 2002, offered personalized service information like the maintenance schedules to owners All the above initiatives helped Ford to gain competitive advantage and they achieved the vision of the Build-to-Order (BTO) system that was conceived before the launch of e-commerce initiatives. It was estimated that a Web-enabled, BTO system could reduce distribution costs by almost USD 2,600 per vehicle. About USD 1,400 of these savings would be in physical costs such as freight, sales commissions, and advertising. The balance would be in â€Å"phantom† costs associated with the current â€Å"push† vehicle distribution/sales system, such as price discounts and stockout costs. Adding together all the supply-chain savings thus identified(back-end, on-line direct sales, and build-to-order) would produce an estimated total potential cost reduction of about USD 3,643 per vehicle, amounting to 14 percent of total vehicle cost. Source: GS Research Analysis) With the means of e-business websites, Ford established a direct connection with its customers. Now when customers came to FordDirect. com they had the ability of choosing the features of the car they wanted to buy. This reduced the role of the middlemen and so dealers felt that they were being gradually excluded from the value chain. To avoid channel conflicts arising out of online retailing Ford began a number of initiatives. One of the main initiatives was to share the ownership of FordDirect. om with its 4200 dealers in the US. Ford also facilitated the communication of leads and orders between the company and its hugh dealer network through Ford Internet Retail System (FIRST). In addition to this, using MyFord. com the company enabled Ford dealers to inform vehicle owners about recommended maintenance, remind them of oil change and provide information about tyre care, safety, insurance, loans and leases. It also provided dealers a vehicle locator tool to help them find a vehicle on another dealer’s stock.

Formal Characteristics

SOC/120: Evolution of Formal Organizations Due: 12/11/2011 Nancy Keta The way that I will conduct my research is to first explain how formal organizations have evolved over the past century. Second, what differences were there in organizations a century ago, and compare to today’s organizations. And lastly I will also tell of the trends in today’s formal organizations in modern society. I will describe how each of the characteristics for formal organizations will need to evolve or change in Micah’s organization to be more open and flexible. And I will give an overall prediction based on my research on how organizations like Micah’s may evolve in the future. The evolution of formal organizations over the past century has changed due to the advances in technology and politics. There will always be changes in organizations as time passes and goes on; it can be influences from the outside world like consumers, or inside forces such as productivity. The outside influences are always changing due to the consumer and ever changing market is demanding a service or product every time they feel there is a need for something new, or something that they may desire. Making the companies aware of these desires and demands is a key factor in determining what needs to take place within the organization and turn them into being productive. Organizations that were here years ago did have all the advancements and technology as they do now. If you think about it most upper management handled just about everything in writing and managed tasks according to manual and procedures. Technology today has increased the speed of processing information and completed various other tasks that management had to do manually or by hand. Computers and the internet were here about 10 years ago, but not 100 years ago, but even 10 years ago many things had to be done by hand. The speed of technology has increased quickly and we are no longer waiting for the internet to connect thru dial up services; we have advancements in technology that connect us to the internet in a matter of a second. Medical equipment in today’s world uses software that will calculate birthdates and sex of fetuses, and can show us what an unborn child may look like at the time of being in the womb. There was not even a thought of this technology a century ago; people went ff old wise tales to find out what the sex of the child was. Looking at the medical coding field that has erupted in education institutions, technology is taking over the personal side of things, pretty soon there will be only machines working rather than humans. In many companies, this has already taken place; many positions that were previously filled by humans have beco me computer automated. In today’s world the advancement of technology is leading the way, getting jobs done faster and more efficient than the way they have been done when our predecessors were in the work force. From the stand point of a formal organization it is important to understand that most factors of the organization are built on traditions; some methods of doing business have been the same way for many years. Work methods are not as modern because everything stays the same and not much improvement has been made with this type of organization. Many believe that a formal organization is an old way of thinking, and these organizations are opposed to the new way of thinking which is more modern and technologically driven. Formal organizations often have a set standard or rule book in which their business is conducted and ran. Organization is key and highly important within a formal organization. When assessing the ladder of leaders within a bureaucratic organization, it is important to picture or a pyramid type order. Within the pyramid format, everyone has a supervisor that they report to and have to answer to. This pyramid is constructed with supervisors being at the top of the pyramid and employees are at the bottom. Within this pyramid each person has designated tasks, and job expectations. Generally a person can see how relationships between co-workers are minimal to maximize work ethic and cut down on fraternization of employees. Within a bureaucratic organization communication is left on an impersonal note consisting of email, telephone, or letters. It seems that â€Å"succession planning† is becoming a major trend among major corporations. Many companies are strategically planning processes and corporate policies. This is not just for the upper ranks; this is becoming a proactive management of the corporation’s entire talent pool. Leadership development, integrating with talent management, and career development programs, succession planning is going beyond the reactionary replacement of employees. Effective succession planning is making it possible for the success of a organizations talent, on demand, and as needed, right now and in the future. The biggest hindrances to organizations are time and resources. It seems that the day to day challenges of running these companies over power the organization’s ability to effectively engage in succession planning. Many other obstacles occur when management feels threatened because they are asked to train their successors; this is also in addition to being able to predict the needs of the company in the company in the future. Many places do not have the internal career development programs to help employees take over available positions in the future or have clear career pathways defined. Being able to identify internal candidates with the right skills, experience, and abilities to handle various needs is a big challenge for many organizations. Connecting the collection and retrieval of such data enabled the implementation of succession planning activities. Identifying these skills and abilities needed for various positions, and relaying this information to the workforce, organizations have the ability to proactively recruit internal talent, and employees are enabled to manage their own careers within the company. In the execution of these actions employee retention and morale seem to be higher and the company is better off and more profitable in the long hall. More organizations are beginning to realize that there is a need for the developing some type of succession planning. With the upcoming need to have new managers ready to assume positions because of massive numbers of baby boomers retiring, companies need to move and act fast. Citations: * GROOMING SUCCESSORS. Full Text Available By: Heffes, Ellen M. Financial Executive, Sep2002, Vol. 18 Issue 6, p21-24, 4p, 4 Color Photographs * MANAGEMENT BY WONDERING ALOUD. Full Text Available By: Galagan, Patricia. Training & Development Journal, Jun86, Vol. 0 Issue 6, p4, 1p * Organizing for Decision Support System Support: The End-User Services Alternative. Full Text Available By: Watson, Hugh J. ; Carr, Houston H. Journal of Management Information Systems, Summer87, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p83-95, 13p * Renewal Through Reorganization: The Value of Inconsistencies Between Formal and Informal Organization. Full Text Available By: Gulati, Ranjay; Puranam, Phanish. Organization Science, Mar/Apr2009, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p422-440, 19p, 3 Diagrams, 2 Charts, 5 Graphs

Biography of Zelda Fitzgerald, Jazz Age Icon and Author

Biography of Zelda Fitzgerald, Jazz Age Icon and Author Born Zelda Sayre, Zelda Fitzgerald (July 24, 1900  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ March 10, 1948) was an American writer and artist of the Jazz Age. Although she produced writing and art on her own, Zelda is best known in history and in popular culture for her marriage to F. Scott Fitzgerald and her tumultuous battle with mental illness. Fast Facts: Zelda Fitzgerald Known For:  Artist, author of Save Me The Waltz, and wife of author F. Scott FitzgeraldBorn:  July 24, 1900  in Montgomery, AlabamaDied:  March 10, 1948 in Asheville, North CarolinaSpouse:  F. Scott Fitzgerald (m. 1920-1940)Children:  Frances Scottie Fitzgerald Early Life The youngest of six children, Zelda was born to a prominent Southern family in Montgomery, Alabama. Her father, Anthony Sayre, was a powerful justice on the Alabama Supreme Court, but she was the darling of her mother, Minerva, who spoiled young Zelda. She was an athletic, artistic child, equally interested in her ballet lessons and in spending time outdoors. Although she was a clever student, Zelda was mostly uninterested in her studies by the time she reached high school. Beautiful, spirited, and rebellious, Zelda became the center of her young social circle. As a teenager, she already drank and smoked, and enjoyed causing minor scandals by doing things like dancing â€Å"flapper† style or swimming in a tight, flesh-toned bathing suit. Her brash, daring nature was even more shocking because women of her social status were expected to be genteel and quiet. Zelda and her friend, future Hollywood actress Tallulah Bankhead, were frequently the topic of gossip. As a girl or a teenager, Zelda began to keep diaries. These journals would later prove to be the earliest signs of her creative mind, containing much more than a rote record of her social activities. In fact, excerpts from her early journals would eventually appear in iconic works of American literature, thanks to her relationship with a soon-to-be legendary novelist: F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Fitzgeralds In the summer of 1918, Zelda first met the 22-year-old Scott when he was stationed on an Army base just outside of Montgomery. Their first meeting, at a country club dance, would later be the basis for the first meeting between Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby. Although she had several suitors at the time, Zelda quickly came to favor Scott, and they grew close over a shared worldview and their similarly creative personalities. Scott had big plans, and he shared them with Zelda, who became equal parts muse and kindred spirit. She inspired the character of Rosalind in This Side of Paradise, and the novel’s closing monologue is taken directly from her journals. Their romance was interrupted in October 1918, when he was reassigned to a base in Long Island, but the war soon ended and he returned to Alabama within a month. Scott and Zelda became deeply involved, and wrote to each other constantly after he moved to New York City in early 1919. They married in 1920, despite some objections from Zelda’s family and friends over his drink and his Episcopalian faith. That same year, This Side of Paradise was published, and the Fitzgeralds became notorious on the New York social scene, embodying the excesses and brilliance of the Jazz Age. In 1921, just before Scott’s second novel was finished, Zelda became pregnant. She gave birth to their daughter, Frances â€Å"Scottie† Fitzgerald in October 1921, but motherhood did not â€Å"tame† Zelda into a quiet domestic life. In 1922, she was pregnant again, but the pregnancy did not make it to term. Over the next couple of years, Zelda’s writing began to appear as well, mostly sharply-written short stories and magazine articles. Although she joked about her writing being â€Å"borrowed† for Scott’s novels, she did resent it too. After their co-written play The Vegetable flopped, the Fitzgeralds moved to Paris in 1924. Together in Paris The Fitzgeralds’ relationship was in a complicated state by the time they reached France. Scott was absorbed with his next novel, The Great Gatsby, and Zelda fell for a dashing young French pilot and demanded a divorce. Zelda’s demands were met with dismissal from Scott, who locked her in their house until the drama passed. In the months following, they returned mostly to normal, but in September, Zelda survived an overdose of sleeping pills; whether the overdose was intentional or not, the couple never said. Zelda was often ill around this time, and in late 1924, Zelda was unable to continue her traveling lifestyle and instead began painting. When she and Scott returned to Paris in the spring of 1925, they met Ernest Hemingway, who would become Scott’s great friend and rival. Although Zelda and Hemingway loathed each other from the start, Hemingway did introduce the couple to the rest of the Lost Generation expat community, such as Gertrude Stein. Increasing Instability Years passed, and Zelda’s instability grew – along with Scott’s. Their relationship turned volatile and more dramatic than ever, and both accused the other of affairs. Desperate for success of her own, Zelda took up the reins of her ballet studies again. She practiced intensely, sometimes for up to eight hours a day, and while she did have some talent, the physical demands (and the lack of support from Scott) proved too much for her. Even when she was offered a spot with an opera ballet company in Italy, she had to decline. Zelda was admitted to a French sanatorium in 1930 and bounced between clinics for physical and psychological treatments for around a year. When her father was dying in September 1931, the Fitzgeralds returned to Alabama; after his death, Zelda went to a hospital in Baltimore and Scott went to Hollywood. While in the hospital, however, Zelda wrote a whole novel, Save Me The Waltz. The semi-autobiographical novel was her biggest work to date, but it infuriated Scott, who had planned to use some of the same material in his work. After Scott’s forced rewrites, the novel was published, but it was a commercial and critical failure; Scott also derided it. Zelda didn’t write another novel. Decline and Death By the 1930s, Zelda was spending most of her time in and out of mental institutions. She continued to produce paintings, which were tepidly received. In 1936, when Zelda seemingly disconnected from reality, Scott sent her to another hospital, this one in North Carolina. He then proceeded to have an affair in Hollywood with columnist Sheilah Graham, bitter about how his marriage to Zelda had turned out. By 1940, though, Zelda had made enough progress to be released. She and Scott never saw each other again, but they corresponded until his sudden death in December 1940. After his death, it was Zelda who became an advocate for Scott’s unfinished novel The Last Tycoon. She was inspired and began working on another novel, but her mental health declined again and she returned to the North Carolina hospital. In 1948, a fire broke out at the hospital, and Zelda, in a locked room awaiting an electroshock therapy session, did not escape. She died at the age of 47 and was buried alongside Scott. Posthumous Discovery The Fitzgeralds had been on the decline when they died, but interest quickly revived, and they became immortalized as the icons of the Jazz Age. In 1970, historian Nancy Milford wrote a biography of Zelda that suggested she had been every bit as talented as Scott, but had been held back by him. The book became a bestseller and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, and it heavily influenced future perceptions of Zelda. Save Me The Waltz subsequently saw a revival as well, with scholars analyzing it on the same level as Scott’s novels. Zelda’s collected writings, including the novel, were compiled and published in 1991, and even her paintings have been re-appraised in the modern era. Several fictional works have depicted her life, including several books and a TV series, Z: The Beginning of Everything. Although perceptions continue to evolve, the Fitzgerald legacy – of which Zelda is most definitely a huge part – has become deeply engrained in American popular culture.   Sources: Cline, Sally.  Zelda Fitzgerald: Her Voice in Paradise. Arcade Publishing, New York, 2003.Milford, Nancy. Zelda: A Biography. Harper Row, 1970.Zelazko, Alicja. Zelda Fitzgerald: American Writer and Artist. Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zelda-Fitzgerald.

Australian Involvement In Wwi History Essay

Australian Involvement In Wwi History Essay Australia was involved in the world war one for many reasons. The most important reason was to help its mother country Britain. They thought if they helped Britain they will help them in any problem. Reasons for enlistment in 1914: In 1914, Australia became involved in world war one because of Britain declaring the war on Germany. When Britain declared the war, the Britain Empire should go to war including Australia and New Zealand. At this time Andrew Fisher (the future prime minister) promised Britain to help the in the war. Australia has entered the war for three reasons:http://web.grinnell.edu/individuals /kapilas/talks/Introduction_to_Indian_Writing_in_English_files /slide0005_image002.jpg They will be known as a nation of its own; The other countries will have greater respect for the new nation; The British Empire in 1914.Andrew Fisher promised that Australia will help its mother country. Approximately 98% of Australia’s population are non aborigines and most of them ar e from the British Empire like Scotland and Wales. That’s why the men have volunteered to go to war and help their mother country. There were other reasons to go to war cause the thought it would be a great adventure, and the will give them a great wages and the thought they will come back in Christmas.http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/images/GRG32_16_7Illust.jpg Australia’s relationship with Britain: After Australia was federated in 1901 it was still a part of the British Empire Australia was found by Britain and Australia language and culture has come from Britain. Australian political, justice, education, fashion and sport system are British. An Australian Poster Used to Make the Australian to Go to warAustralia’s import marketing is from Britain. Australia economy is to tie to Britain’s. Australia’s defence was the British Navy. Australia was scared by the â€Å"Asian Hordes† but British power was its defence. Australia was part of the British Empire. The Australian children learned about the England kings and queens. From 1905, Australia celebrates the queen’s birthday. First the children go to the school in the morning and they sing patriotic song and they have the rest of the day as a public holiday. Australia’s involvement with Britain in 1914 or world war one was quite all over the place, they were like rivals but not enemies, they kind of despised each other but when it came to danger they would ark up and protect each other no matter the cost. Opposition to Involvement: Many were against the war some of them are conscientious objectors from religious groups Society of Friends who defeat the human life. The conscription is forcing men to go to war even if they don’t want to do there.118F824B The anti-war movement included: The Industrial Workers of the War; The Society of Friends; An extract from a letter written by F.J. Roberts in 1914 saying how he is against the war.The W oman’s Army Peace;

Does Spelling Transparency Affect Visual Word Recognition And Short Essay

Does Spelling Transparency Affect Visual Word Recognition And Short Term Memory - Essay Example Before this is attained the logographic stage represents a group of arbitrary symbols without any meaning. When the alphabetic stage is attained (phonological recoding), transparent languages, as Italian, Greek and Spanish where a 'd' sounds like a 'd', the assembled pathway or assemble phonology is opened. It is not 100% infallible. The inconsistencies in the phonological recoding will mean that reading development will not be at the same rapidity for each language. A European study was completed of 14 European languages. It was found that "more transparent the language, the quicker students acquired logographic to phonemes (Ziegler, 2010). There were two other studies completed to confirm the findings. The socio-cultural behavioural differences were limited by taking similar cities which taught bilingual cultures. These two studies having taken into account the socio-cultural difference confirmed the findings of the European study. One study was done in Montreal where English and F rench are taught and in Whales where parents have a choice of sending their children to a Welsh or English speaking school. There is a relationship between those children, who have an understanding of a phoneme, rhyme or syllable, and those children who have better reading skills (Natasza 2010) "While early phonological awareness deficits do not have a strong influence on children's later reading development, deficits in sequential naming speed measure do. The deficits will require use of different lexicons to have a high level of spelling accuracy." (Landerl, Wimmer , 2008) In transparent languages, acquisition of the alphabetic stage comes more easily. (Ziegler 2010) A conclusive example are the two Japanese written... This paper stresses that it has been shown that spelling transparency is determined by the accessibility of the grapheme to phoneme association and its link to creating words. It has been demonstrated that there are different degrees of transparencies from Italian to Kanji where a "d" is a "d" and where a language stay completely in the logographic stage. The more transparent a language is the more access a reader has to an addressed process and to fewer lexicons thus easier comprehension to visual recognition. If a language is opaque and has a complex morphological system, the channeling processes requires the development of address processes and at least two lexicons. Visual Recognition takes longer. This report makes a conclusion that the phonological short term memory has been treated separately because of the importance of phonetic awareness and the effect on dyslexic children. The different mapping and lexicons have been shown to be an integral part of spelling transparency thus one can conclude that Spelling transparency effects word recognition. One can conclude that Spelling transparency has an effect on phonological short term memory for non cognitive impaired subjects. In assembled phonology, priming is stronger with pseudohomophones. and other lexicons must be used in addition to the phonological lexicon in order for words to be more easily recognized in transparent languages by their phonological components. French is a transparent language but there are many homophones.

Tobacco growth Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tobacco growth - Lab Report Example The study recommends growth of Burley tobacco in artificial soil. Research questions The study sought to investigate the following research questions. Does the soil type affect germination of plants? Does the soil type affect the growth of plants? Hypotheses In order to answer the research questions, the research explored the following sets of hypotheses, Ha1:  µA=  µP=  µO; there is no significant different on the effect of type of soil on germination of tobacco. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean percentage of germinated seeds for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectively) Ho1: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is a significant difference in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco to germinate. Ha2:  µA=  µP=  µO; There is no significant difference on the effects of type of soil on the tobacco’s grow. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean length of the plants for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectiv ely) Ho2: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is significant differences in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco grow. Materials and methods Materials The following materials were used in the experiments; Burley tobacco seeds, 15 small growers’ pots, labeling stickers, three different types of soil (artificial, plain and organic), light spray, tweezers, spatula, water, and zip-ock-bags. Design The research applied a complete randomized design in its experimental set up. The design involves separate blocks for experiments and each block has the same number of treatment. The design was selected for its advantages that would facilitate exploration of the research questions and the research hypotheses. One of its advantages is its level of precision that also eliminates error because of existence of control. It also offers more information as compared to other designs because treatments across all blocks can be paired during analysis. The design i s also simple to implement and is flexible. It is however suitable for blocks with relatively small sizes (Montgometry and Runger, 2010). Research procedure The research process involved acquisition of 15 small grower’s pots that were labeled with the group’s identification number. The pots were organized for three treatments and each treatment had five replicates that were achieved in five different pots and were each labeled. Each of the pots was filled to 1 inch below the top with the appropriate soil. Using a light spray from the hose, the soil was saturated, evenly, so that it settled. One more inch of soil was then added to the saturated soil from the top and watered. The process was repeated until the potting mix no longer settled. Tweezers was then used to disperse 10 tobacco seeds into a small beaker before the 10 seeds were evenly and randomly distributed across the surface of each pot. Care was taken to get exactly 10 seeds into each pot. Each pot was then s lowly dipped into a pan of water until saturation was achieved. â€Å"Watering from the bottom† technique was used, throughout the study, to achieve this. The pots were then sealed in their own labeled Zip-Lock bag and placed, randomly, under grow lights as directed. Once a week, we went down as a group to count how many plants had germinated and watered our plants. We placed a toothpick next to each sprout to mark its location for analytics purposes in case germinated seeds dried up. At the end of the study, we determined the percentage germination and

SQL Server Column Level Encryption Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SQL Server Column Level Encryption - Case Study Example Even though firms try to encrypt data with various methods and keys, it has been noted that these companies are exposed to two major categories of threats (Jayanty, 2011). Chiefly, restricting access to sensitive information is a basic protective approach to the firm’s data. However, considering that cyber-attacks comprise a major threat to business and research firms, it is observed that access restriction is not enough. Consequently, encrypted data and restricted access to sensitive information suffer from the possible virus attack that can destroy the data rather than expose it. With this in mind, ABC Institute of Research and XYZ Inc. are vulnerable to losing data or having their research finding on genetics expose to their rivals. For this reason, column-level encryption using symmetric keys (Aqarwal, 2011). Under the circumstances defined above, when encrypting data, it is important to note that data can be accessed in two ways. Firstly, sensitive data is stored in forms of memory and anyone can have access to these memory devices. Secondly, sensitive data can be acquired from its storage device for access to another device. As a result, data encryption should ensure that once an unauthorized personnel is able to get to the data, access to that data is not discernable using a simple query. Ordinarily, ABC and XYZ would store their research findings in various columns that comprise of genetic patterns, associations, links, and procedures of deciphering various DNA codes that all need to be encrypted. Using the SQL Server Symmetric key encryption, the SQL Server allows the encryption hierarchy that needs to be followed to the latter. Forthwith, the hierarchy allows the creation of a master key for the SQL Server which provides the first step of encrypting the database using a password.  

Explanation Of The Internal Point Of View

Explanation Of The Internal Point Of View Jurisprudential debate concerning the nature of law is often thought of as a long-running battle between two schools of thought the rival camps of natural law and legal positivism. The natural law tradition has always emphasised laws grounded ness in justice and the common good, while legal positivism had tended to emphasise laws basis in authority. Legal positivism emerged from the work of Jeremy Bentham and his disciple John Austin. The latter famously claimed that the idea of sanctions is the key to the science of jurisprudence.  [1]  Therefore he held that legal rules are to be threats backed by sanctions and statements of legal obligations, so as the threatened sanctions to be carried out. Another great legal positivist, Hans Kelsen, tried to explain legal rules and obligations in terms of norm, to be directives to courts requiring them to apply sanctions. In addition Alf Ross separating the difference between Austin and Kelsen, understood of legal rules as norms addressed to courts guiding the use of sanctions and statements of legal validity as predictions that these norms will be followed. However, one of the two greatest twentieth-century (the other one is Hans Kelsen) exponents of the legal positivism was, without question, Hart. In his principal book The Concept of Law  [2]  , Hart describes the central thesis of legal positivism as the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have often done so.  [3]  Therefore the central claim of legal positivism is that law is separate and distinct from morality. Also, Hart showed that sanction-centred accounts ignored an essential feature of law. This feature was termed the internal point of view. Harts internal point of view claims that the law is seen not just sanction-threatening, directing, or predicting, but imposing obligations. Therefore, what, precisely, is the internal point of view? And hence, what role does it play in Harts theory? In short, the internal point of view is the practical attitude of rule acceptance. It does not suggest that people accept their moral legitimacy, but only that they are willing to guide, and evaluate their conduct according to the rules. As for its importance to Hart theory, it plays four roles: (1) it specifies a particular type of motivation that someone may take towards to the law; (2) it constitutes one of the main existence conditions for social and legal rules; (3) it accounts for the intelligibility of legal practice and discourse; (4) it provides a naturalistically acceptable semantics for legal statements.  [4]  This concept perhaps is Harts greatest contribution to jurisprudential theory but it is often easily misunderstood. To begin with, Hart dictates that the element of authority involved in law has always been one of the obstacles in the path of an easy explanation of what law is.  [5]  He argues that the command theorists  [6]  explain force as the main component of law and have looked only on one side of the coin the external element of law. It compels people to act only out of fear. This may be the bad mans view of the law and Hart argues that it does not present a balanced picture. A positivist theory of law must offer an account of the nature of law-making authority. At the same time, positivists claim that the validity of a law does not entail an obligation to obey it. This means that the theory is quite independent of any theory about the basis of a moral obligation to obey the law. Bentham and Austin approached these problems by treating statements about sovereignty, rights and obligations as straight forward statements of observable social facts. Therefore in focusing only on the com mands and actions of a sovereign in imposing sanctions, the command theorists have ignored the internal aspect which characterises all law. This is element is the internal point of view which make people feel a sense of obligation to obey the law. In fact, as Hart explains there is a distinction between the two aspects of law, to be obliged thus to act in a certain way because of some threat or by force, such as when an armed man orders a person to hand over money, and to be under an obligation thus to feel in yourself a sense of duty to act in a certain way without some external factors such as threat or sanctions. Therefore, for Hart the command theories try to explain the law only in terms of the first notion, therefor they are inadequate, because the law has both an external and an internal fashion to induce compliance. According to Stephen Perry, for example, the general idea of the internal point of view is that an adequate jurisprudential account must at some point take into consideration how the practice looks to at least some of the practices participants, from the inside.  [7]  Similarly, Gerry Postema writes: The law, like other similar social practices, is constituted not only by intricate patterns of behavioural interactions, but also by the beliefs, activities, judgments and understandings of participants. The practice has an inside, the internal point of view of participants.  [8]   In regard to the above, Harts doctrine demands that legal theories to become across with the shared experiences of legal natives. Jurisprudence must take the insiders point of view, and have a conflict with those theories that ignore the attitudes and beliefs of the people that are under the law. Therefore the internal point of view came to question sanction-centred theories of law, such as those suggested by Hans Kelsen and Oliver Holmes. Hart claimed that these theories are lacking insight because they ignore or conceal the range of attitudes that people have in the direction of the law. The problem in Kelsens theory, is that the law directs officials to punish those who dont comply with the rules instead of providing guidance for those who want to live according and under their obligations. Also the difficulties with bad man theories such as Holmes is that they assume that people are driven to follow the law merely in order to avoid sanctions, rather than because that rules requir e so. In addition, Holmes who is an insider himself, his curiosity about the law is explained only by his aversion to sanctions. He benefits one type of insiders point of view over another. So as Hart says, theorists by focusing only on the perspective of the bad man, sanction-centred theories define, only the other point of view, particularly, the internal point of view out of existence. Thus for Hart the the internal point of view is actually the practical attitude of rule-acceptance. It happens when people accept or endorse a convergent pattern of behaviour as a standard of conduct towards a social rule. Therefore when the phrase the internal point of view has one meaning, it refers to a specific practical attitude. Moreover practical point of view has two attitudes that an insider can follow towards the rules: acceptance and non-acceptance. According to Hart, if someone accepts the rules have taken the internal point of view. In reverse, if someone does not accept the rules, either because they accept the bad man point of view, or because they are just observing, they dont take a practical attitude at all, it is just the external point of view. However, what does he mean to accept a social rule? Hart claims that to accept a social rule is to regard a pattern of behaviour as a general standard to be followed by the group as a whole.  [9]  It is to treat existence of the rule as a reason and justification for action, as the basis for claims, admissions, demands, punishment or criticisms, as establishing the legitimacy of these demands and criticisms.  [10]  Hart clears out that the moral legitimacy of the law does not needed in order to accept its authority. Hence the standard of conduct meant by Hart is certainly not the moral legitimacy of law. Therefore as he said is that when one takes the internal point of view towards a rule, acts according to the commands of the rule.  [11]  But since this can be comfort by the bad mans theories Hart added, The second way in which the internal point of view is expressed is through critical evaluation.  [12]  So as people who accept the rules criticize others even themse lves for not conforming to the rules. In the end, the internal point of view is often expressed by words such as must, ought, wrong, and right. As Scott J. Shapiro in his Journal said if someone accepts the rule that men must bear their heads upon entering a church, this practical attitude might be expressed by statements of the form: You ought to take off your hat in Church or It was wrong of me not to take off my hat last Sunday.  [13]  These statements are internal statements as described by Hart.  [14]  Therefore, Hart compares these practical statements with theoretical statements that others accept a particular rule. For example, someone might say, Episcopalians accept a rule requiring men to take off their hats in Church.  [15]  For Hart, these are the external statements since they express the external point of view.  [16]   To sum up, as Scott J. Shapiro said in his Journal Harts internal point of view must be understood as a commitment to act in all of the above ways. That is, one takes the internal point of view towards a rule when one intends to conform to the rule, criticizes others for failing to conform, does not to criticize others for criticizing and expresses ones criticism using evaluative language.  [17]  Basically, Hart concept of the internal aspect distinguishes between social rules and social habits. A crucial difference from a social habit and a social rule is that habit lack criticism from others in a group when the convergent behaviour is deviated from. However, as it is seen, the internal aspect and therefore rules is an important ingredient for Hart conception of law. At first impression Hart conception of law, is a symbiotic relationship between primary and secondary rules, and more importantly the internal point of view seems valid. A primary rule imposes duties and prescribes how one must act by way of recognizing a general standard mode of behaviour. The secondary rules consist of the three important characteristics, which can be characterized as sub rules, which give the concept of rules as law and obligations, but more importantly, law as a system of rules. First is the rule of recognition, which helps to determine whether a rule is indeed a rule, this is determined by the influx of criticism for deviation of the rule and the existence of social pressures to conform. The second, denoted as the rule of change, which allows for the creation of new primary rules or the change and modifications of old rules for the group to live by, these rules are also subject to procedural standards. The final characteristic is the rule of adjudication that de termines whether or not a primary rule has been violated and prescribes the procedure the courts must follow to apply sanctions. There is also a strong connection with the rule of adjudication and the rule of recognition because, if the courts are empowered to make authoritative determinations of the fact that a rule has been broken, these cannot avoid being taken as authoritative determination of what the rules are.  [18]   Indeed the mosaic of the internal aspect, the primary and secondary rule as law is very attractive for Hart because he is able to explain where Austin has failed. Primary rules are laws, because they are general and span over the territory in which the sovereign has authority, and secondary rules are a means to enforce and amend the laws. The power conferred to the individual is not a duty, but merely powered conferred to identify rules and the breach of obligation, this is justified by inextricably linking the rules of recognition and the rule of adjudication. The existence of secondary rules, giving amendment ability and the creation of new rules, has an exacted resemblance of a legal system. However Hart analysis is open to scrutiny. One element that can be objected to is his assumption on why individuals obey law. For Hart, people obey rules hence law, because of the internal aspect. Individuals obey, not habitually or because of some sense of reason, but because other are doing so. The internal aspect also makes an assumption that a society where the internal aspect is at large is one that is duly homogenous. The individuals in this society all think in a similar fashion, they share the same morals, ethics and perspective and because of this they know rather instinctually know. Hart idea of the internal aspect is an explanation of why people obey and follow laws, but the implications of this theory is that the individuals under sovereign rule are completely oblivious and unthinking to law and the creation of laws is largely reactionary, where there are no presupposed principles of the social group in question. Hart points out that that there is no necessary conceptual connection between law and morality. He supports that there can be legal rights or duties that have no moral justification or force. On the other hand Dworkin which occupies a theoretical position somewhere between natural law and legal positivism maintains that there must be moral grounds fo r the assertions of the existence of legal rights and duties. That is, legal rights are a species of moral rights. Hart points out that his theory enables the identification of the law based on a relatively straight forward application of a rule of recognition. Dworkins theory on the other hand, requires a complex moral calculation and interpretation to identify even the simplest rule as a rule of law. The notion that the internal aspect is the main and only reason for peoples compliance and obedient nature to law is insulting to the populations intelligence and the diversity of peoples, morals, ethics and thought. To conclude by the combination of primary and secondary rules Hart believes that he has found a significant weapon for the analysis of much that puzzled both the jurist and the political theorists, namely, the heart of a legal system. He believes that this approach is greater than his predecessors to explain the nature of law. He rejects the sanction-centred theories because they are based only on the motivation that people will obey only through fear. Also Hart allows us to see legal phenomena, not in terms of isolated precepts with not meaningful link to social reality but as a unified system upon the concept of rule of recognition.